{"id":124855,"date":"2018-09-19T07:00:42","date_gmt":"2018-09-19T07:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/quebec-muskellunge-two-centuries-of-fishing-and-management-history\/"},"modified":"2026-04-23T15:56:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-23T15:56:00","slug":"maskinonge-du-quebec-deux-siecles-dhistoire-de-la-peche-et-de-la-gestion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/quebec-muskellunge-two-centuries-of-fishing-and-management-history\/","title":{"rendered":"Les maskinong\u00e9s du Qu\u00e9bec : deux si\u00e8cles d'histoire de p\u00eache et de gestion"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

Anne Carrier \u00b9 \u00b2, Philippe Brodeur\u00b3, Daniel Hatin\u2074 and Louis Bernatchez\u00b9
<\/strong>\u00b9D\u00e9partement de biologie, Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, G1V 0A6, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada
\u00b2D\u00e9partement de Techniques du milieu naturel, Centre d’\u00e9tudes coll\u00e9giales \u00e0 Chibougamau, C\u00e9gep de Saint-F\u00e9licien, Chibougamau, G8P 2E9, Canada
\u00b3Minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la gestion de la faune de la Mauricie et du Centre-du-Qu\u00e9bec, 100, rue Laviolette, bureau 207, Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, G9A 5S9, Canada
\u2074Minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la gestion de la faune de l\u2019Estrie-Montr\u00e9al- Mont\u00e9r\u00e9gie-Laval, 201, Place Charles-LeMoyne, Longueuil, Qu\u00e9bec, J4K 2T5, Canada<\/small><\/p>\n

Muskellunge is one of the most mythical and impressive fish species. Over the past two centuries, biologists and Muskellunge anglers have documented many fascinating aspects of its biology. For example, it\u2019s impressive size (Bernatchez and Giroux 2012), its unusual migration abilities (Kerr and Jones 2017) and even its surprising reproductive behavior (Crossman 1990, Jennings et al.<\/i> 2011). The history regarding Muskellunge is fascinating, as evidenced by the origin of its name and the history of its management, which reveal the particular importance of Muskellunge in Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n

This article is a non-exhaustive historical overview of some of the most important aspects of Muskellunge management in Qu\u00e9bec. It includes some historical references regarding the nomenclature and taxonomy of Muskellunge, its original and contemporary spatial distribution and the stocking history. This article reports the work done as part of a Master’s thesis, which first aimed at gathering available historical information that would support the interpretation of genetic data on Muskellunge in Qu\u00e9bec waters (see article of Rougemont et al.<\/i> in this issue).<\/p>\n

Taxonomy and Qu\u00e9bec folklore<\/h4>\n

As early as the colonization time of New France, documents from the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Provancher mentions that the first viceroy of France, Sieur Jean-Fran\u00e7ois La Rocque de Roberval, used the basin of the Maskinong\u00e9 River as his fishing territory. At the time, Muskellunge was a well-known species as evidenced by the multiple presumed Amerindian roots of its name, which meant big pike, ugly pike or spotted pike (Crossman 1986, MacCaughey 1917). Gradually, these appellations have derived to become \u00ab long mask \u00bb or \u00ab elongated mask \u00bb in Qu\u00e9bec French. Today, the two generally accepted names are \u00ab maskinong\u00e9 \u00bb in Canada and \u00ab Muskellunge \u00bb in the United States, but there are between 40 and 94 common names in French only (see Mellen 1917, Chambers 1923, Weed 1927 and Crossman 1986 for an exhaustive inventory of the different names and their origin). As mentioned by Crossman (1986), probably no other fish has, in a single language, as many forms or spelling of its common name. According to Weed (1927), the number of its common names is a fairly reliable index of the extent to which a fish attracts attention. This partly explains this diverse nomenclature, but as Mongeau (1976) points out, this taxonomic confusion also certainly comes from its great resemblance to the Northern pike (Esox lucius<\/em>) and the fact that it has been recognized quite lately as a different species from his cousin.<\/p>\n

Commercial fishing and natural distribution in the 19th<\/sup> century<\/h4>\n

Since the nomenclature of the species was highly variable until the beginning of the 20th<\/sup> century, it is very difficult to interpret observations regarding the Muskellunge distribution until the 1900s. In the 19th<\/sup> century, Muskellunge was highly prised by native and non-native anglers and, because of the quality of its flesh and its imposing size, it contributed to a significant commercial fishery in Qu\u00e9bec. Although today the opinions are mixed about the taste of the Muskellunge flesh, the naturalist Constantine Rafinesque mentioned in 1818 that \u00ab it is one of the best fish (…) its flesh is very delicate and divides easily like salmon, in large white patches like snow \u00bb (MacCaughey 1917). According to historical records of the Canadian fisheries management authorities (Crossman 1986), nearly 2.9 million pounds, representing approximately 192 535 Muskellunge, were harvested by the commercial fishery in Qu\u00e9bec from 1868 to 1936. Interestingly, commercial catches of Muskellunge in the waters of the Montr\u00e9al area accounted for 90 % of the landings of this species throughout the province (Fry et al.<\/i> 1942). Muskellunge commercial fishing ceased in 1936.<\/p>\n

The historical texts suggest that native Muskellunge was found only in southern Qu\u00e9bec, even if its northern and southern distribution limits are only very slightly defined. Its distribution was likely limited to the waters of the St. Lawrence River watershed and some of its tributaries from the Ottawa River to Qu\u00e9bec City (Small 1883, Dymond 1939, V\u00e9zina 1977). According to information available at the end of the 19th<\/sup> century, native Muskellunge was found from the southern border of the province (including the Champlain Lake and the Richelieu River watersheds) to Northwest of Outaouais, Laurentides, Lanaudi\u00e8re, and Mauricie regions (Dymond 1939). Specifically, Dymond (1939), Small (1883), Halkett (1906 and 1907), and Montpetit (1897) report that Muskellunge was present (1) in the Rideau River north of Merrickville (Outaouais, Qu\u00e9bec), (2) in the Ottawa River south of Rapides des Joachim (MRC de Pontiac, Outaouais, Qu\u00e9bec), south of the Petawawa River and up to Travers Lake (Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario), and (3) in several lakes connected to the Gatineau and du Li\u00e8vre Rivers, including Gilmour, Donaldson, and Plumbago Lakes (MRC Collines-de-l’Outaouais, Outaouais, Qu\u00e9bec). In addition, some isolated populations were discovered in 1968 after the dismantling of private fishing clubs in the Mauricie region, specifically in the des Envies River watershed, which is a tributary of the Batiscan River, where the Traverse Lake (Potvin 1973, Pageau et al.<\/i> 1978) analyzed in the study of Rougemont et al.<\/i> (see article in this issue) is located. Finally, according to the interpretation of Fry et al.<\/i> (1942), quoted by Robitaille and Cotton (1992), the most important native population in Qu\u00e9bec would have been in Lake St-Louis, a fluvial lake of the St. Lawrence River.<\/p>\n

Active management period<\/h2>\n

Stocking<\/h4>\n
\"Gustave<\/a>
Gustave Pr\u00e9vost, director of the Muskellunge hatchery in 1962. Credit : MFFP.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Muskellunge has been one of the most stocked fish species in Qu\u00e9bec (Dumont 1991). Prior to 1950, few Muskellunge stocking in Qu\u00e9bec were recorded in the literature (MacCaughey 1917, Dymond 1939, Small 1883, Halkett 1906 and 1907). At the end of the first half of the 20th<\/sup> century, a significant decline of Muskellunge populations in the waters of the St. Lawrence River and of the Montr\u00e9al Archipelago, associated with overfishing and habitat loss, raised worries and questions. Therefore, the wildlife management authorities undertook a major restoration project which included the construction of the very first Muskellunge hatchery facility in Lachine (borough of Montr\u00e9al city, Qu\u00e9bec) (Pictures 1 to 3), as well as the development of a local expertise on esocids breeding (Vezina 1977). In 1950, these actions led to the beginning of stocking, which were adapted to contemporary knowledge in 1985. Muskellunge stocking continued until 1997. During the same period, the species was also introduced, with or without success, in more than 80 Qu\u00e9bec water bodies in order to create new opportunities and enhance existing Muskellunge populations (V\u00e9zina 1977, Dumont 1991, Vincent and Legendre 1974, Brodeur et al.<\/i> 2013, de la Fontaine, Y. unpublished). In a few rare cases, Muskellunge introduction has been used in an attempt to control competing species in brook trout lakes. Introducing a top-predator into the food chain obviously had an impact on the fish communities.<\/p>\n

\"Photo<\/a>
Photo 2 – Muskellunge hatchery facility in Lachine (1950-1964). Credit : MFFP.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Muskellunge farming began in Qu\u00e9bec at the Lachine hatchery in 1950. Due to water supply problems, breeding was transferred to the Baldwin Mills hatchery in 1964 (now known as the Baldwin-Coaticook provincial hatchery) (Dumont 1991). Following unsuccessful attempts to breed Muskellunge from several local lakes such as Lake des Deux-Montagnes (Montr\u00e9al area) and the Gilmour, Donaldson, and Plumbago Lakes (Outaouais) (MPC 1961, Vezina 1977, Crossman and Goodchild 1978), embrocated eggs were imported from the Bemus Point hatchery (New York, USA) and, to a lesser extent, from the Deer Lake hatchery (Ontario, Canada) to start production (Kerr 2001, Dufour and Paulhus 1977, Christopher Wilson and Christopher Legard, personal communication). Muskellunge from both hatcheries originated respectively from the Chautauqua Lake (New York, USA) and from Stony Lake, Buckhorn Lake, and from the Crowe River, these three last water bodies being part of the Kawartha Lakes system in Ontario. According to the information we gathered, it appears that all the lakes used by these hatcheries have also been stocked with an unknown Muskellunge source to support their respective fishery (Christopher Wilson and Christopher Legard, personal communication). Both of these hatcheries, as well as the one of Lachine, are no longer in operation.<\/p>\n

\"Photo<\/a>
Photo 3 – Muskellunge transport from the Lachine hatchery. Credit : MFFP<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

From 1965 to 1986, Joseph Lake (Centre-du-Qu\u00e9bec, Qu\u00e9bec) was used as a broodstock source to supply the Baldwin Mills hatchery (Dumont 1991). Subsequently, from 1986 to 1997, Lake Tremblant (Laurentides, Qu\u00e9bec) was used as the source population. Muskellunge was originally introduced in both lakes from the American or Ontarian sources (see Figure 1 \u2013 simplified stocking history in Qu\u00e9bec). The results of the genetic study confirmed that the American source was the most likely for both lakes.<\/p>\n

Stocking, carried out over several decades in the Montr\u00e9al area, has been effective in improving the stock status and maintaining the Muskellunge sport fishery. In fact, an analysis of Muskellunge recruitment measured from 1962 to 1977 revealed that 55 % of the annual abundance of young Muskellunge could be explained by the number of yearly stocked individuals and the abundance of young Muskellunge stocked the previous year (cannibalism
and\/or competition effects) (Dumont 1991). In 1998, the improvement of the Muskellunge population structure, distributed over a long time period, and the presence of natural recruitment justified the end of stocking (Cloutier 1987, Dumont 1991). Since then, no Muskellunge stocking has been done in Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 1 – Simplified representation of stocking in the St. Lawrence River and some inland lakes of Qu\u00e9bec. Arrows represent stocking events from the different source populations. Full arrows show clear mentions of stocking, while the dotted arrows reflect anecdotal mentions.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Integrating collaborative science to Muskellunge management<\/h4>\n

In parallel to the management actions undertaken by the Qu\u00e9bec government, a general reflection on fishing practices and a growing interest in the conservation of a high quality fishery focusing on trophy-size specimens emerged, leading to the creation of Muskies Canada (Wachelka 2008a,b,c) and to the beginning of a long collaboration between muskies anglers and the Qu\u00e9bec wildlife management authorities. Muskellunge is not vulnerable to capture by the scientific fishing gears used to monitor fish communities in the St. Lawrence River. Monitoring the sport harvest of Muskellunge through angling surveys is therefore an excellent alternative to contribute to its management and to allow evaluation of the effectiveness of the management measures.<\/p>\n

To evaluate the status of Muskellunge stocks, a study was conducted in the 1990s in collaboration with the Montr\u00e9al chapter of Muskies Canada. From 1994 to 1997, five anglers tagged and released 808 Muskellunge, mainly in the Montr\u00e9al area. The results showed that a few hours of fishing were enough to catch a Muskellunge, whereas in the 1970s, an experienced angler needed approximately 100 hours of fishing to catch a single specimen. After three years of survey, 88 tagged fish were recaptured by anglers, which corresponded to a recapture rate of 11 %, considered relatively low and indicative of a total Muskellunge abundance of several thousands of specimens (Pierre Dumont, personal communication) The gradual increase in the extent of the Muskellunge size structure suggested by the fishing surveys and the presence of a natural production of young Muskellunge justified the cessation of stocking in 1998 (Dumont 1991).<\/p>\n

To update the data on the Muskellunge fishery in the St. Lawrence River (from Lake Saint-Fran\u00e7ois to Lake Saint-Pierre) and in Lake des Deux-Montagnes, a second survey was conducted from 2010 to 2013, more than a decade after stocking ended. This second study was conducted with the invaluable collaboration of three professional anglers recognized in Qu\u00e9bec, Mr. Marc Thorpe, Mr. Mike Lazarus and Mr. Michael Phillips. A total of 2 569 Muskellunge were captured, of which 2 162 were tagged by three volunteer anglers. Of these tagged fish, 108 were recaptured. The order of magnitude of recapture rates was low in all studied sectors (3.7 % to 4.8 %). Compared to the study carried out in the Montr\u00e9al area from 1994 to 1997, the recapture rate reported from 2010 to 2013 was twice lower (4.8 % compared to 11 %). Since the recapture rate is generally inversely proportional to the total abundance of a population, this result suggests that the abundance of Muskellunge in the Montr\u00e9al area has increased since the stocking ended, at least for medium to high size fish, targeted by anglers.<\/p>\n

The number of recapture rates was low across all areas studied (ranging from 3.7% to 4.8%). Compared to the study conducted in the Montreal area from 1994 to 1997, the documented recapture rate in the same area from 2010 to 2013 was half as low (4.8% compared to 11%). Since the recapture rate is generally inversely proportional to the total abundance of a population, this result suggests that muskellunge abundance in the Montreal area has increased since the cessation of stocking, at least for medium to large-sized fish, which are targeted by anglers.<\/p>

\"Figure<\/a>
 Figure 2 – Historical comparisons of the proportion of fish larger than 44 inches caught by sport fishing on Lake St-Louis. The year of introduction of minimum sizes to 38 inches in 1986, increased to 44 inches in 1998, is also represented.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/p>

According to archived data from 1918 to 1927, 19 % of Muskellunge caught in Lake Saint-Louis exceeded the legal minimum size of 44 inches (Figure 2). In 1973, this proportion was of 16 % and then increased to almost 50 % in the late 1990s and to 54 % during the 2010-2013 period. This improvement over several decades can be explained by stocking, combined with the enforcement of a minimum legal size of 38 inches in 1986, which has been increased to 44 inches in 1998 (Figure 2). Because of the presence of large specimens, the waters of the St. Lawrence River and of Lake des Deux-Montagnes are now identified as sites of great interest for Muskellunge anglers. In the section of the St. Lawrence River between Montr\u00e9al and Lake Saint-Pierre, the low abundance of young specimens smaller than 35 inches in the Muskellunge sport harvest suggests a lower recruitment, compared to Lake Saint-Louis and Lake des Deux-Montagnes (Figure 3). This result justified the realization of a study conducted by the minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP) and its numerous partners that aims to identify the essential habitats of the species by using telemetry
(see the article of Brodeur et al.<\/i> in this issue).<\/p>

The most recent fishery survey has generated some preliminary knowledge about Muskellunge migration. Thus, between 2010 and 2013, the majority of marked individuals (95 %) recaptured by the sport fishery within six months after tagging or one to two years after, were in the same body of water where they had been tagged. The distances measured between specimens capture and recapture were generally less than a few kilometers, both on a one year scale and between years (72.7 % and 58.1 % of recaptures within 5 km from the tagging location, respectively). This result suggests that, although Muskellunge can travel long distances, particularly during the breeding season, a large proportion of individuals return to specific areas corresponding generally to large vegetation beds favorable to feeding. This result demonstrates the importance of preserving and restoring the submerged aquatic vegetation beds of the St. Lawrence River. However, large-scale movements between the various sectors of the river have been observed between Lake Saint-Pierre and the Montr\u00e9al-Sorel section, with distances of up to 58 km. This result was recently corroborated by the preliminary results of the telemetry study, which shows that a certain proportion of the Muskellunge tagged at Lake Saint-Pierre migrate upstream during the feeding season (see article by Brodeur et al.<\/i> in this issue). These observations of large scale movements also corroborate the connectivity existing throughout the St. Lawrence River system revealed by genetic analyses.<\/p>\n

\"Figure<\/a>
Figure 3 – Size structure of Muskellunge caught by sport fishing during the 2010- 2013 period in the St. Lawrence River watersheds (LDM: Lake des Deux-Montagnes, LSF: Lake Saint-Fran\u00e7ois, LSL: Lake Saint-Louis, MS: stretch between Montr\u00e9al and Sorel, LSP: Lake Saint-Pierre). The proportion of fish greater than or equal to 44 inches, 36 to 43 inches and 35 inches or less is shown.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Future perspectives<\/h4>\n

To maintain the trophy status of the species, which can maintain and improve the quality of the Muskellunge fishery, a regular review of the stock status and management is required. Since 2010, a study aiming at gathering new knowledge on several aspects of Muskellunge biology has been conducted by the MFFP and its numerous partners. This vast study will contribute to Muskellunge management in Qu\u00e9bec. To date, this initiative has led to a retrospective of historical management, reported in this article, to a genetic analysis of Muskellunge populations (see article by Rougemont et al.<\/i> in this issue), and to a study aiming to identify essential Muskellunge habitats between Montr\u00e9al and Lake Saint-Pierre. Some anglers report a recent decline in the quality of the Muskellunge fishery in some inland water bodies of Qu\u00e9bec, which remains to be measured. Muskellunge studies based on angling surveys have thus been underway for some years in the Maskinong\u00e9 Lake and the Ottawa River (see Deschesnes in this issue).<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements<\/h4>\n

We thank the following people for their valuable collaboration. We would like to acknowledge the involvement of the Muskellunge anglers who participated to the 2010-2013 angling survey: Marc Thorpe, Mike Lazarus, and Michael Phillips. Special thanks to Peter Levick (Muskies Canada), Chris Wilson (Aquatic Research and Monitoring Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry), and John Farrell (Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York) who shared with us many information on Muskellunge management. Thanks to Christopher Legard (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation) and Christopher Wilson (Fish Culture Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry) for sharing the Chautauqua Lake and Deer Lake hatcheries history. Thanks to Steven Kerr (retired biologist, Fisheries Section, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources) for his invaluable advice and for sharing his knowledge on the history of Muskellunge management in Qu\u00e9bec. Thanks to Shawn Good (Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department) and Jeffrey J. Loukmas (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation) for sharing management and stocking history of Champlain Lake. We also thank the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration qu\u00e9b\u00e9coise des chasseurs et des p\u00eacheurs, Ressources Aquatiques Qu\u00e9bec and Muskies Inc. for their financial support. Funding was also provided by the minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, de la Faune et des Parcs du Qu\u00e9bec and by the Canada Research Chair in Genomics and Aquatic Resources Conservation.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/h4>\n

Bernatchez, L. et M. Giroux (2012). Les poissons d’eau douce du Qu\u00e9bec et leur r\u00e9partition dans l’est du Canada.<\/em> 2e \u00e9d., Ottawa, Canada.<\/p>\n

Brodeur, P., D. Hatin et R. Bacon (2013). Suivi du maskinong\u00e9 dans le Saint-Laurent et le lac des Deux-Montagnes.<\/em> Dans: Atelier sur la faune aquatique, 19-21 f\u00e9vrier 2013, Sainte-Foy, Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n

Chambers, E.T.D. (1923). The maskinonge: a question of priority in nomenclature.<\/em> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society (1922) 52: 171-177.<\/p>\n

Cloutier, L. (1987). Le maskinong\u00e9 (Esox masquinongy). Dans : Probl\u00e9matique de la conservation et de la mise en valeur d’esp\u00e8ces de poissons d’eau douce au Qu\u00e9bec.<\/em> Minist\u00e8re du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache, Qu\u00e9bec.<\/p>\n

Crossman, E. J. (1986). The noble muskellunge: a review.<\/em> In : Managing muskies: a treatise on the biology and propagation of Muskellunge in North America (\u00e9d. Gordon HE), p.1-13. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Md.<\/p>\n

Crossman, E. J. (1990). Reproductive homing in Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy.<\/em> Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 47(9): 1803-1812. doi:10.1139\/f90-205<\/p>\n

Crossman, E. J. and C. D. Goodchild (1978). An annotated bibliography of the muskellunge, Esox masquinongy (Osteichthyes: Salmoniformes).<\/em>  https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/123600#page\/3\/mode\/1up<\/a><\/p>\n

De la Fontaine, Y. (non publi\u00e9). Muskellunge stocking in southern Qu\u00e9bec waters.<\/em><\/p>\n

Dufour, M. and P. J. Paulhus (1977). L’\u00e9levage et l’ensemencement du maskinong\u00e9 au Qu\u00e9bec.<\/em> Dans : Compte rendu du 10e atelier sur les poissons d’eau chaude, p. 117-127. Minist\u00e8re du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache.<\/p>\n

Dumont, P. (1991). Les ensemencements de maskinong\u00e9, de truite brune et de truite arc-en-ciel dans les eaux de la plaine de Montr\u00e9al.<\/em> Dans : Colloque sur l’ensemencement, p. 30-41. Conseil de l’aquaculture et des p\u00eaches.<\/p>\n

Dymond, J. R. (1939). The fishes of the Ottawa region<\/em> [version \u00e9lectronique]. https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/111705#page\/7\/mode\/1up<\/a><\/p>\n

Fry, F., J.-P. Cuerrier et G. Pr\u00e9fontaine (1942). Premi\u00e8re croissance du maskinong\u00e9 dans le lac Saint-Louis en 1941.<\/em> Dans : Rapport de la Station biologique de Montr\u00e9al et de la Station biologique du Parc des Laurentides pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1941, p. 170-175. Fascicule 2, appendice VII, Manuscrit.<\/p>\n

Halkett, A. (1906). Report of the Canadian Fisheries Museum.<\/em> In : 38th Annual report, p. 362-370. Department of marine & fisheries, Fisheries Branch. Appendix number 14.<\/p>\n

Halkett, A. (1907). Report of the Canadian Fisheries Museum.<\/em> In : 40th Annual report, p. 321-349. Department of marine & fisheries, Fisheries Branch. Appendix number 14.<\/p>\n

Jennings, M. J., G. R. Hatzenbeler and J. M. Kampa (2011). Spring capture site fidelity of adult muskellunge in inland lakes.<\/em> North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 31(3): 461-467.<\/p>\n

Kerr S. J. and T. A. Lasenby (2001). Esocid stocking: an annotated bibliography and literature review.<\/em> Fish and Wildlife Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Peterborough, Ontario. 138 p. and appendix.<\/p>\n

Kerr J. S. and Jones B. (2017). Movements of Muskellunge in the Saint-John River based on a volunteer tagging project, 2006-2015.<\/em> American Fisheries Society Symposium, 85: 39-50.<\/p>\n

MacCaughey V. (1917). The Chautauqua Mascalonge or Muskalunge.<\/em> Dans : B. W. Huebsh (dir.), The natural history of Chautauqua (p. 80-83) [En ligne], [https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/71239#page\/7\/mode\/1up].<\/p>\n

Miller L. M., J. M. Farrell, K. L. Kapuscinski, K. Scribner, B. L. Sloss, K. Turnquist and C. C. Wilson (2017). A review of muskellunge population genetics: implications for management and future research needs.<\/em> American Fisheries Society Symposium, 85: 385-414.<\/p>\n

Minist\u00e8re des P\u00eacheries et de la Chasse de la Province de Qu\u00e9bec (1961). Contribution de la station piscicole de Lachine \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de maskinong\u00e9.<\/em> Dans : Journal de bord de l\u2019office de biologie.<\/p>\n

Mellen, I.M. (1917). Twenty four ways of spelling the name of a fish (muskellunge).<\/em> New York Zoology Society Bulletin 20, p. 1558.<\/p>\n

Montpetit, A.-N. (1897). Le maskinong\u00e9.<\/em> Dans : Les poissons d\u2019eau douce du Canada, p. 76-80, https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/45738#page\/3\/mode\/1up<\/a><\/p>\n

Mongeau, J .R. et G. Mass\u00e9 (1976). Les poissons de la r\u00e9gion de Montr\u00e9al, la p\u00eache sportive et commerciale, les ensemencements, les fray\u00e8res, la contamination par le mercure et les PCB.<\/em> Minist\u00e8re du Loisir de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache, Service de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement et de l\u2019exploitation de la faune, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec. Rapport technique no 06-13. xviii + 286 p.<\/p>\n

Mongeau, J. R., J. Leclerc et J. Brisebois J. (1980). La r\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique des poissons, les ensemencements, la p\u00eache sportive et commerciale, les fray\u00e8res et la bathym\u00e9trie du fleuve Saint-Laurent dans le bassin de Laprairie et les rapides de Lachine. Minist\u00e8re du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache, Service de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement et de l\u2019exploitation de la faune.<\/em> Rapport technique no 06-29. 145 p.<\/p>\n

Pageau, G., Y. Gravel and V. Legendre (1978). Distribution and value of the esocidae in Qu\u00e9bec waters.<\/em> Dans : Compte rendu du 10e atelier sur les poissons d’eau chaude, p. 1-7. Minist\u00e8re du Loisir de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache, Direction de la recherche faunique.<\/p>\n

Potvin, C. (1973). Inventaire ichtyologique du bassin de la rivi\u00e8re des Envies. D\u00e9couverte de populations indig\u00e8nes de maskinong\u00e9.<\/em> Minist\u00e8re du Loisir de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache, Direction de la recherche faunique.<\/p>\n

Robitaille, J. A. et F. Cotton (1992). Bilan des connaissances sur le maskinong\u00e9 (Esox masquinongy) et sur ses populations dans le Saint-Laurent.<\/em> Minist\u00e8re du Loisir, de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache, Direction de la gestion des esp\u00e8ces et des habitats. Rapport technique, p. 1-55.<\/p>\n

Small, H. B. (1883). Fishes of the Ottawa District.<\/em> Transactions of the Ottawa Field-Naturalists\u2019 Club (1882-1883), 4: 31-49.<\/p>\n

Turnquist, K. N., W. A. Larson, J. M. Farrell, P. A. Hanchin, K .L., Kapuscinski, L. M. Miller, K. T. Scribner, C .C., Wilson and B. L. Sloss (2017). Genetic structure of muskellunge in the Great Lakes region and the effects of supplementation on genetic integrity of wild populations.<\/em> Journal of Great Lakes Research, 43(6): 1141-1152. doi:10.1016\/j.jglr.2017.09.005<\/p>\n

V\u00e9zina, R. (1977). Les introductions de maskinong\u00e9, Esox masquinongy, au Qu\u00e9bec et leurs r\u00e9sultats.<\/em> Dans : Compte rendu du 10e atelier sur les poissons d’eau chaude, p. 129-135. Minist\u00e8re du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache du Qu\u00e9bec, Service de l’am\u00e9nagement de la faune.<\/p>\n

Vincent, B. et V. Legendre (1974). R\u00e9partition g\u00e9ographique du maskinong\u00e9, Esox maskinongy, dans le district des Laurentides.<\/em> Compilation 1972. District de Montr\u00e9al, Service de l\u2019am\u00e9nagement de la faune et Service de la recherche biologique. Minist\u00e8re du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la P\u00eache du Qu\u00e9bec, Service de l’am\u00e9nagement de la faune. Rapport technique.<\/p>\n

Wachelka, H. (2008a). Muskies Canada, the first 10 Years.<\/em> Muskies Canada Release Journal, mai\/juin, p. 11.<\/p>\n

Wachelka, H. (2008b). Muskies Canada, the Middle Years.<\/em> Muskies Canada Release Journal, juillet\/ao\u00fbt, p. 11.<\/p>\n

Wachelka, H. (2008c). Muskies Canada, 1999 to Present.<\/em> Muskies Canada Release Journal, septembre\/octobre, p. 8-10.<\/p>\n

Weed, A. C. (1927). Pike pickered and muskalonge, Zoology leaflet 9.<\/em> In: D. C. Davies (dir.), Field museum of natural history Chicago, p. 152-205, https:\/\/www.biodiversitylibrary.org\/item\/25559#page\/75\/mode\/1up<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Anne Carrier \u00b9 \u00b2, Philippe Brodeur\u00b3, Daniel Hatin\u2074 and Louis Bernatchez\u00b9\u00b9D\u00e9partement de biologie, Institut de Biologie Int\u00e9grative et des Syst\u00e8mes (IBIS), Universit\u00e9 Laval, G1V 0A6, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada\u00b2D\u00e9partement de Techniques du milieu naturel, Centre d’\u00e9tudes coll\u00e9giales \u00e0 Chibougamau, C\u00e9gep de Saint-F\u00e9licien, Chibougamau, G8P 2E9, Canada\u00b3Minist\u00e8re des For\u00eats, de la Faune et des Parcs, Direction de la […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":124856,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[63,67,65,64,62],"tags":[38],"class_list":["post-124855","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-biology","category-habitat-restoration-restocking","category-omnr-mfpp-publications","category-quebec-muskie-study","category-research","tag-mfpp"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/124855","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=124855"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/124855\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":125865,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/124855\/revisions\/125865"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/124856"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=124855"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=124855"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/muskies.kracmedia.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=124855"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}